Brearley yahimbye ibyuma bitagira umwanda mu 1916 yabonye ipatanti y’Ubwongereza atangira gukora ku bwinshi, kugeza ubu, ibyuma bitagira umuyonga byabonetse mu myanda byamenyekanye ku isi hose, Henry Brearley azwi kandi nka "se w’ibyuma bitagira umwanda".Mu Ntambara ya Mbere y'Isi Yose, imbunda z'Abongereza ku rugamba zahoraga zoherezwa inyuma kubera ko icyumba cyari cyambaye kandi kidakoreshwa.Ishami rishinzwe umusaruro wa gisirikare ryategetse ko hajyaho ingufu nyinshi zidashobora kwangirika zirwanya ibyuma Breer Li, kabuhariwe mu gukemura ikibazo cyo kwambara bore.Brearley n'umufasha we bakusanyije ubwoko butandukanye bw'ibyuma bikorerwa mu gihugu ndetse no hanze yarwo, ibintu bitandukanye bitandukanye by'ibyuma bivangwa n'amavuta, mu bikoresho bitandukanye bya tekinike yo gukora ubushakashatsi, hanyuma bahitamo ibyuma bibereye mu mbunda.Umunsi umwe, bapimye ubwoko bwibyuma byo murugo birimo chromium nyinshi.Nyuma yikizamini cyo kurwanya kwambara, byagaragaye ko uyu muti utarwanya kwambara, byerekana ko udashobora gukoreshwa mu gukora imbunda.Banditse rero ibisubizo byubushakashatsi babijugunya mu mfuruka.Umunsi umwe, nyuma y'amezi make, umufasha yihutiye kujya i Brearley afite icyuma kibengerana.Ati: "Nyakubahwa, nasanze amavuta yavuzwe na Bwana Mullah ubwo narimo nkora isuku mu bubiko. Urashaka kubigerageza kugira ngo urebe icyo ikoresha bidasanzwe!""Nibyiza!"Brearley yavuze yishimye, areba ibyuma byaka.
Ibisubizo byubushakashatsi byerekana ko bidatinya aside, alkali, umunyu udafite ibyuma.Icyuma kidafite ingese cyahimbwe na mollah w’umudage mu 1912, ariko mollah ntabwo yari azi icyo aricyo.
Brearley yibajije ati: "Ese ubu bwoko bw'ibyuma butarwanya kwambara ariko butarwanya ruswa, bushobora gukoreshwa mu bikoresho byo ku meza, atari ku mbunda?"Yavuze ko byumye, atangira gukora icyuma cyimbuto zidafite ingese, icyuma, ikiyiko, isahani yimbuto nicyuma kizinga.
Noneho ikoreshwa ryibyuma bitagira umwanda ni byinshi kandi byinshi, ibisabwa nabyo biriyongera, noneho igikurikira nukuvuga ibyiciro no gushyira mubyuma.
Ibyuma byose bifata umwuka wa ogisijeni mu kirere bikora firime ya oxyde hejuru.Kubwamahirwe, okiside yicyuma ikora kumyuma isanzwe ya karubone ikomeza okiside, ituma ruswa yaguka hanyuma amaherezo ikagira umwobo.Ubuso bwibyuma bya karubone birashobora gukingirwa no gukwirakwiza amashanyarazi hamwe n’ibyuma birwanya okiside nka zinc, nikel na chromium, ariko, nkuko bizwi, ubwo burinzi ni firime yoroheje.Niba urwego rwo gukingira rwacitse, ibyuma munsi yacyo bitangira kubora.
Kurwanya umwuka, umwuka, amazi nizindi ntege zangirika ziciriritse na acide, alkali, umunyu nindi miti yangiza ibyuma byangirika byuma.Azwi kandi nka acide idafite umwanda - ibyuma birwanya.Mubikorwa bifatika, ibyuma bifite imbaraga zo kurwanya ruswa bikunze kwitwa ibyuma bitagira umwanda, naho ibyuma bifite imiti irwanya ruswa byitwa aside irwanya aside.Bitewe no gutandukanya imiterere yimiti, iyambere ntabwo byanze bikunze irwanya imiti yangirika, mugihe iyanyuma irwanya ingese.Kurwanya ruswa yibyuma 2 biterwa nibintu bivanga bikubiye mubyuma.Chromium nikintu cyibanze cyo gukora ibyuma bitangirika.Iyo ibintu bya chromium biri mu byuma bigera kuri 12%, chromium na ogisijeni mu buryo bwangirika bigira uruhare mu gukora firime yoroheje cyane ya okiside (firime-passivation firime) hejuru yicyuma, ishobora gukumira irindi ruswa rya matrix.Usibye chromium, ikoreshwa cyane mubintu bivangwa na nikel, molybdenum, titanium, niobium, umuringa, azote, nibindi, kugirango byuzuze ibisabwa muburyo butandukanye bwo gukoresha ibyuma bitagira umwanda nibikorwa.
Babiri, gutondekanya ibyuma bitagira umuyonga ibyuma bigabanijwemo:
1. Ibyuma bidafite ingese.Chromium 12% ~ 30%.Kurwanya kwangirika kwayo, gukomera no gusudira byiyongera hamwe no kwiyongera kwa chromium, kandi kurwanya choride ya choride kwangirika nibyiza kuruta ibindi byuma bitagira umwanda.
2. Icyuma cya Austenitike.Ifite chromium irenga 18%, nikel 8% hamwe na molybdenum nkeya, titanium, azote nibindi bintu.Imikorere myiza yuzuye, irashobora kurwanya ruswa yibitangazamakuru bitandukanye.
3. Austenitis ferrite duplex ibyuma bitagira umuyonga.Ifite ibyiza bya austenitis na ferritic ibyuma bidafite ibyuma, kandi bifite superplasticity.
4. Icyuma cya Martensitis.Imbaraga nyinshi, ariko plastike mbi no gusudira.
Bitatu, ibiranga no gukoresha ibyuma bitagira umwanda.
Bane, ibyuma bidafite ibyuma.
Bitanu, buri ruganda rupakira ibiranga nibicuruzwa byingenzi.
Izindi nganda zo mu rugo: Shandong Taigang, Jiangyin Zhaoshun, Xinghua Dayan, Xi 'an Huaxin, Amajyepfo y’iburengerazuba, ibyuma bidasanzwe by’iburasirazuba, izo nganda nto zikoresha cyane cyane gutunganya imyanda mu kuzunguza isahani, uburyo bwo gukora inyuma, gutandukanya isahani, nta garanti y’imikorere ikora, element ibirimo muruganda runini birasa, igiciro kirahendutse kuruta uruganda runini rufite icyitegererezo kimwe.
Uruganda rukora ibyuma bitumizwa mu mahanga: Shanghai Krupp, Afurika y'Epfo, Amerika y'Amajyaruguru, Ubuyapani, Ububiligi, Finlande, tekinoroji y’ibicuruzwa byatumijwe mu mahanga byateye imbere, bisukuye kandi byiza hejuru y’ibibaho, trim trim, igiciro kiri hejuru yicyitegererezo cy’imbere mu gihugu.
Gatandatu, ibyuma byerekana ibyuma byerekana urugero nubunini: isahani yicyuma irimo ingano nubunini bwa plaque yumwimerere:
1. Umuzingo ugabanijwemo imbeho ikonje hamwe nu muzingo ushyushye, gukata uruziga no kuzenguruka.
2. Ubunini bwa coil ikonje ikonje muri rusange ni 0.3-3mm, hari uburebure bwa 4-6mm bwurupapuro rwakonje, ubugari bwa 1m, 1219m, 1.5m, bigaragazwa na 2B.
3. Ubunini bwubunini bushyushye ni 3-14mm, hari ubunini bwa 16mm, ubugari ni 1250, 1500, 1800, 2000, hamwe na NO.1.
4. Imizingo ifite ubugari bwa 1.5m, 1.8m na 2.0m yaciwe kumuzingo.
5. Ubugari bwa burr muri rusange ni 1520, 1530, 1550, 2200 nibindi byinshi kuruta ubugari busanzwe.
6. Kubijyanye nigiciro, icyitegererezo kimwe cyo gukata impande zose hamwe nu muzingo mbisi muri rusange bitandukanye hafi 300-500.
7. Ijwi rishobora gukosorwa ukurikije uburebure bwibisabwa nabakiriya, nyuma yimashini ifungura yitwa plaque ifunguye.Ubukonje bukonje rusange gufungura 1m * 2m, 1219 * 2438 nabwo bwitwa metero 4 * 8, gufungura rusange bishyushye gufungura 1.5m * 6m, 1.8m * 6m, 2m * 6m, ukurikije ubunini bwitwa plaque isanzwe cyangwa plaque nini yagenwe.
Isahani yumwimerere nayo yitwa urupapuro rumwe ruzunguruka:
1. Ubunini bwibibaho byumwimerere buri hagati ya 4mm-80mm, hariho 100mm na 120mm, ubu bunini bushobora gukosorwa neza.
2. Ubugari bwa 1.5m, 1.8m, 2m, uburebure burenga 6m.
3. Ibiranga: Isahani yumwimerere ifite ingano nini, igiciro kinini, gutoragura bigoye no gutwara ibintu bitoroshye.
Birindwi, gutandukanya ubunini:
1. Kuberako imashini zicyuma mugikorwa cyo kuzunguruka, umuzingo ushyushye uhindagurika gato, bikavamo umubyimba wikizunguruka uva mumasahani, mubisanzwe mubyimbye hagati kandi unanutse kumpande zombi.Iyo upimye ubunini bwikibaho, leta igomba gupima igice cyo hagati cyumutwe.
2. Ubworoherane bugabanijwemo kwihanganira binini no kwihanganira bito ukurikije isoko nibisabwa nabakiriya.
Umunani, igipimo cya buri kintu cyuma kitagira umwanda:
1. 304, 304L, 304J1, 321, 201, 202 uburemere bwihariye 7.93.
2. 316, 316L, 309S, 310S uburemere bwihariye 7.98.
3. Ikigereranyo cya 400 ni 7,75.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Gicurasi-23-2022